Gingival fibromatosis is a rare and heterogeneous group of disorders that develop as slowly progressive, local or diffuse enlargements within marginal and attached gingiva or interdental papilla. Gingival enlargement or overgrowth go is a common complication of the anticonvulsant drug phenytoin pht. Further investigations are required to develop appropriate management strategies to prevent recurrence of digo. Plaque induced inflammation appears to be a general stimulating effect regardless of the mechanism of gingival enlargement. One of the main drugs associated with go is the antiepileptic. Phenytoininduced severe gingival overgrowth in a child. Certain gingival diseases that are modified substantially by the use of systemic medications are now well recognized. Their primary etiology is bacterial plaque, which can initiate destruction of the gingival tissues and periodontal attachment apparatus. While plaqueinduced gingivitis is one of the most common human in. Pgo may vary from mild to severe and does not seem. Gingival overgrowth go is a side effect associated with some distinct classes of drugs, such as anticonvulsants, immunosuppressant, and calcium channel blockers. Phenytoin is one of the most common drugs associated with gingival overgrowth.
In contrast, some other non plaque induced gingival conditions that may present in the younger age groups were omitted, e. The appropriate intervention is crucial for the prevention of periodontitis. There are many factors causal or modifying involved in gingival overgrowth. There are many anticonvulsants, immunosuppressants and calcium channel blockers that may lead to gingival enlargement in varied presentations table table1 1 and figure figure7. Jun 20, 2018 the simplified taxonomy of gingival conditions includes.
Dental plaqueinduced gingival conditions murakami 2018. In two patients, it was possible to control this side effect adequately by optimising oral hygiene and dental plaque control. Drugs that cause gingival hyperplasia are classified by the american academy of periodontology as a dental plaque induced gingival disease, as evidence suggests that existing gingival inflammation may be necessary for its development and that proper plaque control and effective oral hygiene can lessen its severity or potentially prevent its. Plaque induced gingivitis is inflammation of the gingiva resulting from bacteria located at the gingival margin. The rftnthcfm treatment of plaqueinduced gingivitis, chronic. Based on the results of this study, it is important to note that 0. The progression is usually slow and painless, although in advanced cases gingival bleeding and oral malodor can arise, indicating an oral infection secondary to periodontal disease figure 1. A case of a 19yearold male presenting with maxillary and mandibular chronic inflammatory gingival enlargement associated with prolonged orthodontic therapy is reported here. Pht induced gingival overgrowth pgo is more common in children than in adults and affects both males and females equally. There are numerous causes, of which the primary one is pathogenic microorganisms in the crevices between the gums.
Gingival enlargement is an increase in the size of the gingiva gums. Verapamil induced gingival enlargement in cluster headache. Gingival overgrowth may vary from isolated mild enlargement of interdental papilla or a uniform enlargement which may affect either one or both jaws. Nifedipineinduced gingival enlargement a systematic. Druginduced go is frequently noticed as a side effect with the use of various medications. Drug induced gingival enlargement article pdf available in journal of chemical and pharmaceutical research 81. Bleeding is a primary symptom, and other symptoms include swelling, redness, pain, and difficulty in chewing. A patients diagnosis and treatment rely on proper classification of gingival diseases. Severe druginduced gingival enlargement and periodontitis. Is dental plaque the only etiological factor in amlodipine. Unusual clinical presentation of generalised gingival. Gingival enlargement, also synonymous with the terms gingival hyperplasia or hypertrophy, is defined as an abnormal overgrowth of gingival tissues. Gingivitis is a nondestructive disease that causes inflammation of the gums. In contrast, some other nonplaqueinduced gingival conditions that may present in the younger age groups were omitted, e.
The enlargement can be inflammatory,fibrotic or a combination of both. In severe cases, the excess tissue may cover the crowns of the teeth, thus causing functional, esthetic, and periodontal problems, such as bone loss and bleeding, due to. Non plaqueinduced gingival lesions npigl encompass a group of pathologies that are not primarily caused by plaque and usually do not disappear after plaque removal, even when the severity of. Aug 12, 2014 gingival enlargement associated with systemic diseases many systemic diseases can develop oral manifestations that may include gingival enlargement these systemic diseases andor conditions can affect the periodontium by two different mechanisms as follows. A patient with druginduced gingival enlargement is characterized by granular or pebbly surface, with the enlarged papillae extending facially andor lingually, obscuring the adjacent tissue and tooth surfaces. Dental plaqueinduced gingival diseases classification of gingival diseases is a significant part of an intraoral examination. In contrast to inflammatory gingival enlargement, the gum tissues in such cases are typically firm, nontender, pale pink in color, and do not bleed easily. Gingival enlargement associated with systemic diseases many systemic diseases can develop oral manifestations that may include gingival enlargement these systemic diseases andor conditions can affect the periodontium by two different mechanisms as follows.
The cause of plaqueinduced gingivitis is bacterial plaque, which acts to initiate the bodys host response. Gingivitis can be best described as a bacterial infection of the gingival tissue caused by plaque biofilm at the gingival margin. Factors in amlodipine induced gingival overgrowth e611 introduction hypertension, a silent killer is one of the most important modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular and associated conditions like stroke, dementia, ischemic heart disease, vision loss, heart and kidney failures 1. The present case report describes a successful management of phenytoin induced gingival enlargement in year old female by combined. Congenital gingival hyperplasia in a neonate with foetal valproate syndrome. Therefore a more comprehensive list of the non plaque induced gingival conditions that may present in young patients is shown in table 61. Gingivitis is prevalent at all ages of dentate population and is considered to the most common form of periodontal disease. Dental plaqueinduced gingival diseases are characterized as gingivitis associated with dental plaque only with or without other local contributing factors.
Inflammatory enlargement, the most common condition induced by the accumulation of plaque. Plaque the severity of gingival enlargement in patients taking these medications correlates well with poor plaque control17 and is commensurate with the degree of plaque induced in. Clinical methods to assess the presence and severity of plaque. The rftnthcfm treatment of plaqueinduced gingivitis. Gingival enlargement is a common feature of gingival disease and may be caused by fibrous overgrowth or gingival inflammation or a combination of two. Underlying medi cal problem is an important determinant of cyclosporine induced gingival overgrowth. Gingival disease definition of gingival disease by the. The pathogenesis of drug induced gingival enlargement is uncertain and there appears to be no unifying hypothesis. Plaque accumulation and gingival bleeding are also noted commonly. Gingival overgrowth go was earlier called as gingival hyperplasia or gingival hypertrophy. Feb 21, 2017 the enlargement can be inflammatory,fibrotic or a combination of both.
To the right is an example caused by the cardiovascular drug nifedipine. The inflammation is often caused by plaque buildup on the teeth from food, bacteria, and poor hygiene practices. Gingival enlargement is known side effect of certain medications like anticonvulsants, calcium channel blockers and immunosuppressant. Plaqueinduced gingivitis is inflammation of the gingiva resulting from bacteria located at the gingival margin.
Go is evident in almost half of the patients receiving pht therapy. The most common form of gingivitis, and the most common form of periodontal disease overall, is in response to bacterial biofilms also called plaque that is attached to tooth surfaces, termed plaque induced gingivitis. Unusual clinical presentation of generalized gingival. This report describes four patients with cluster headache who developed gingival enlargement after initiating treatment with verapamil. Calcium channel blockerinduced gingival enlargement.
The simplified taxonomy of gingival conditions includes. The plaque accumulates in the small gaps between teeth, in the gingival grooves and in areas known as plaque traps. The first case of phenytoininduced gingival enlargement was reported in 1939 by kimball. Gingival enlargement definition of gingival enlargement. Surgical therapy was carried out to provide a good. This is a result of the patient not accomplishing effective oral hygiene.
Nonsurgical techniques can limit the occurrence of this unwanted affect, reduce the extent of plaqueinduced gingival inflammation and reduce. Digo is a common clinical problem that often requires intervention. In recent years,flap surgery have been used more often to treat gingival enlargement than gingivectomy. Chronic inflammatory gingival enlargement associated with. Periodontal management of phenytoin induced gingival. Pgo may vary from mild to severe and does not seem to be dose dependant.
Gingival disease definition of gingival disease by the free. In two patients, it was possible to control this side effect adequately by optimising oral hygiene and dental plaque. Treatment of druginduced gingival enlargement is based on the clinical features. Gingivitis can lead to the more serious disorder known as periodontitis. High plaque scores and gingival inflammation are important etiologic factors in exacerbating drug induced gingival enlargement irrespective of the causative medication. Gingival hyperplasia can occur as a direct result of inflammation. The nonplaqueinduced gingival lesions are often manifestations of systemic conditions, but they may also represent pathologic. Medicationinduced gingival enlargement patients who take certain medications may develop gingival enlargement. Drugs that cause gingival hyperplasia pdf free pdf epub. The gingival enlargement observed may be localized or generalized and is an inflammatory response that occurs when plaque collection of food debris and bacteria accumulates on the teeth. Medications that are mainly implicated are anticonvulsants such as phenytoin and calcium channel blockers ccbs such a amlodipine, a newer agent of dihydropyridine derivative, is a. Cyclosporineinduced gingival enlargement is more vascularized than phenytoin enlargement figures 1610 and 1611. Drug induced gingival enlargement is the term now used to describe medicationrelated gingival hypertrophy or hyperplasia, a condition commonly induced by three main classes of drugs.
It commences as a papillary enlar gement which is more pronounced on the labial aspect of the gingival than the palatal or lingual surfaces. Drugs that cause gingival hyperplasia introduction. Plaqueinduced gingivitis definition of plaqueinduced. Gingival enlargement can be caused by a number of factors, including inflammatory conditions and the side effects of certain medications. Plaque accumulation on teeth causes gingival inflammation and its resultant enlargement. Drugs that cause gingival hyperplasia are classified by the american academy of periodontology as a dental plaqueinduced gingival disease, as evidence suggests that existing gingival inflammation may be necessary for its development and that proper plaque control and effective oral hygiene can lessen its severity.
Verapamil is an effective prophylactic treatment for cluster headaches and, therefore, is widely used. Alternatively fibroblasts from young patients may be more susceptible to the drug. In the 1999 international workshop for a classification of periodontal diseases and conditions, druginfluenced gingival enlargements have been identified and added as a subcategory under the section dental plaqueinduced gingival diseases. Signs and symptoms related to gingival enlargement are seen within 24 mo of initiation of drug intake. This, in turn, can lead to destruction of the gingival tissues, which may progress to destruction of the periodontal attachment apparatus. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. About one billion adults are hypertensive globally and. However due to their varied presentations, the diagnosis of these entities becomes challenging for the clinician. Phtinduced gingival overgrowth pgo is more common in children than in adults and affects both males and females equally. Gingival enlargement is one of the frequent features of gingival diseases.
Therefore a more comprehensive list of the nonplaqueinduced gingival conditions that may present in. Loe 1965 performed a study on gingivitis where 12 healthy individuals with. Go is characterized by the accumulation of extracellular matrix in gingival connective tissues, particularly collagenous components, with varying degrees of inflammation. Druginduced gingival enlargement is the term now used to describe medicationrelated gingival hypertrophy or hyperplasia, a condition commonly induced by three main classes of drugs. Gingivitis associated with dental plaque only gingivitis can be best described as a bacterial infection of the gingival tissue caused by plaque biofilm at the gingival margin. Gingivitis and periodontitis are the two major forms of in flammatory diseases affecting the periodontium. Gingival enlargement an overview sciencedirect topics. Druginduced gingival enlargement or overgrowth occurs mainly in humans but also sporadically in dogs and cats fig.
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